greates surgeon of renaissance

discard application of boiled oil

substitute with egg yolk, oil of roses, and turpentine

2 patients: lacquay (servant) of Gouaines. rapier wound to the left of parietal lobe, fever, lost his speech, bled, clysterized (enema)

page of the Marshall of Montjean: deaf as a result of a temporo-parietal lesion from a blow from a stone

1585 Johann Schenck von Grafenberg of Strabourg (1530-1598)

severe motor aphasia without paralysis of the tongue -> aphasia = abolition of memory

Case Marcus Goro: halberd injury, fracture of skull, damage to meninges, brain substance, base of skull, open wound

after extraction of the last fragment of the bone, patient: "Ad Dei laudem, sum sanus"

Descartes’s model of reflexive behavior ( withdrawing a limb from a hot fire) in the human being

physical process (reflex) obeys scientific law, but not mental subjective experience (feeling of hot)

Cartesian dualism: seperation of mental / physical world

1628-49? Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking for Truth in the Science

1628-49? Rules for the Direction of the Mind

1628-49? Meditation on First Philosophy

born in Touraine

find truth through reason only: "cogito, ergo sum".

world = thinking substance (mind) + extended substance (matter)

pineal gland of the brain: location of mind and matter interaction

physical world: collection of microscopic, colorless extended substance

ideas: interpretation made by the mind

two kinds of true ideas: clear, distinct

clear idea: totally different idea from other ideas

distinct idea: partially distinguishable from other ideas

task of philosopher: analyze complex ideas into simpler, clear, distinct ideas

perfectly clear and distinct ideas originate in the mind, not from experience of living in the physical world

idea of God is perfect. man’s perfect idea could have been put in mind by God Himself. => existence of God

patient Nicolaus Cambier: apoplectic attack, motor aphasia, dyslexia

his relative’s aphasia after head wound at the Siege of Hulst

patient forgot words, but able to copy

workman, struck on the head by a stone, depressed fracture, motionless and speechless for several days, menings inflamed

Arceo replaced most of the bone fragments

3 days later, patient began to speak, recovered completely in due course

: dissociation of reading and writing. dictation good, reading of patient's own written dictation, bad. emotional priming, fluent obscenities and profanities.

venesection (blood letting)

stinging enemas "to stimulate the faculties of sleep"

application of various oils and seesences to the head, neck, and nose

by goodness of God

patient improved but still had dyslexia without dysgraphia

"nullis enim praeceptis, nulla manuductione literarum cognition inculcari iterum poterat (no teaching or guidance was successful in inculcating an understanding of letters in him)"

: serial / automatic speech - months of year, number, nursery rhyme, prayer.

. (Feb. 11th, 1773 - April 25th, 1870): founder of cognitive neuropsychological approach to Aphasiology. 10 acts of speech production underlying normal language processing / language disorder (Lecours et al. 1987). predicted the agrammatism 30 years earlier (Lecours et al. 1988)

: summerized previous works, jargonaphasia with similar neographism and neologism, differential impairment of bilingual aphasia, abstract concepts are more severly impaired, clinical dissociation - failure of association? associationism.

French internist

born in Derby April 27, 1820

1837-46 engineer for the London and Birmingham Railway

1847?-1853 editor of Economist

write Synthetic Philosophy, gained a wide population, later proven to be wrong by scientist

apply evolution (fundamental law) to biology, psychology, sociology

human mind evolution from simple automatic responses of lower animals to complex reasoning processes of thinking

two kinds of knowledge: gained by individual or by race

intuition / unconscious knowledge is inherited knowledge / experience of the race

French neurologist, Hô pital de la Salpetriere

study on hypnosis

: 7 major symptom complexes of aphasia

. Studies on 114 patients. The frontal lobes represent "the legislative organs of

speech".

and

, as described originally by Arnold Pick, has been recognized recently as being much more common than previously believed. Although

became linked with

argyrophilic inclusions (Pick bodies) and

swollen neurons (Pick cells)

, the majority of

focal atrophies

have findings that are a variation of the classic histologic features. We discuss Pick's background and the circumstances that led to his major contributions to the study of

. We also review his original articles, the articles that subsequently established the entity of Pick disease, and historical documents pertaining to the continuation of

Arnold Pick's life and career exemplify the

, which represents one of the major contributions of German neuropsychiatry to the study of the nervous system,

Russian psychiatrist

Teach in Moskau Univ. (1888-)

amnestic psychosyndrome

attention weakness with intact memory

spatio-temporal disorientation

tendence to confabulation (recitation of imaginary experience to fll gaps in the memory)

consequence of chronical alchoholism or carbonmonoxide poisoning

founder of Russian school of reflexology

forerunner of Pavlov

thought: 2/3 of refex arc

brain control of reflex: not by stimulation but by inhibition. evidence: rigidity of muscle after spinal cord lesion

: supremodals - idea centre, center for propositionizing

cited Johannes Schmidt’s (1676) treatment of Nicolaus Cambier

venesection (blood letting)

stinging enemas "to stimulate the faculties of sleep"

application of various oils and seesences to the head, neck, and nose

by goodness of God

patient improved but still had dyslexia without dysgraphia

dissolution of phoneme system

a simple reflex is probably a purely abstract conception, because all parts of the nervous system are connected together and no part of it is probably ever capable of reaction without affecting and being affected by various other parts, and it is a system certainly never absolutely at rest.

simple reflex is a convenient fiction

reflexes are of various degrees of complexity

analyze complex reflex into reflex components (simple reflex)

: localizationist but not connectionist

cell assembly

integration of mind and brain

integrate psychology and physiology

a testable theory of how neural circuit support mental process such as at attention, memory

Hebbian synapse: even a weak signal from one neuron in the assembly would suffice to fire the whole assembly because of strong connections among them

unified perception: coordination of information from mutiple assemblies

: transition from phrenology to modern neuroscience

complexity of central processing

special pattern-sensitive neurons as the basic building blocks of recognition

gnostic unit: analyzer

contradicting Hebb’s cell assembly: single neurons are always sufficient to serve as the units of recognition

microgenetic theory

global models