·|¸Ü¤½²z( maxims of conversation)


Though this be madness, yet there is method in¡¦t.                                   

     --William Shakespeare, Hamlet

»¡¸ÜªÌ¯à°÷¿ëÃѤ@³s¦êªº¥y¤l¦b¤°»ò®É­Ô¬O¡u³s³e¡vªº¡A¤°»ò®É­Ô¬O¤£³s³eªº¡C¤U­±ªº¨¥½Í¦ü¥G¦³ÂI¤£¹ï«l¡Ð¡Ð¥L¨Ã¤£³s³e¡A¦]¦Ó¦³¤FPolonius¦b¤W­±²ï¯Î¤Þ¥y¤¤ªº¸Ü¡C

Polonius:         What do you read, my lord?

Hamlet:            Words, words, words.

Polonius:         What is the matter, my lord?

Hamlet:            Between who?

Polonius:         I mean, the matter that you read, my lord.

Hamlet:            Slanders,sir: for the satirical rogue says here that old men have gray breads, that their faces are wrinkled, their eyes ÿurging thick amber and plumtree gum, and that they have a plentiful lack of wit, together with most weak hams: all which, sir, though I most powerfully and potently believe, yet I hold it not honesty to have it thus set down; for yourself , sir, should grow old as I am, if like a crab you could go backward.

°²¸ËµoºÆªº«¢©i¹p¯S¡A©Úµ´¦Ñ¹ê¦a¦^µªPoloniusªº°ÝÃD¡C¥L¹H¤Ï¤F¬Y¨Ç½Í¸Üªº±`³W,©Î·|¸Ü¤½²z¡]maxims of conversation¡^¡C¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó¤½²z»¡¸ÜªÌ¹ï©ó¨¥½Íªº°^Äm¬O¥²¶·ºÉ¥i¯à´£¨Ñ¾A·íªº°T®§¡Ð¡Ð¤£¦h¤]¤£¤Ö©ó·í®É½Í¸Üªº»Ý­n¡A³o¬O¶qªº¤½²z¡]maxim of quantity¡^¡C«¢©i¹p¯S¦b¨â¤è­±¹H¤Ï¤F³o­Ó¤½²z¡A¹ï©ó¥L¦bŪ¤°»òªº°ÝÃD¡A¥Lªºµª®×¡uµü¡Bµü¡Bµü¡v´£¨Ñªº°T®§¹L¤Ö¡A¥L³Ì«áªº½Í¸Ü«h¬O¨«¦V¤F¥t¤@ºØªº·¥ºÝ¡A´£¨Ñ¤F¤Ó¦h¤£»Ý­nªº°T®§¡C

¦b¥L§â¾\Ū³o¦^¬O»~¸Ñ¦¨¨â¤H¤§¶¡ªº°ÝÃD®É¡A¥L¹H¤Ï¤F¬ÛÃöªº¤½²z¡]maxim of relevance¡^¡C

«¢©i¹p¯S³Ì«áªº½Í¸Ü¡A¹H¤Ï¤F¤è¦¡ªº¤½²z¡]maxim of manner¡^¡A¤]¬O¾É­P¤£³s³eªº¦]¯À¡C³Ì«á¤@¥y«¢©i¹p¯S§âÅܱo¦~»´¤ñ³ë¬°¿ÀÃɨ쨫¡A³oºØ©Ç²§ªº¥Îµü±j¤Æ¤F¡u¤£³s³e©Ê¡vªº®ÄªG¡A¹H¤Ï¤F½èªº¤½²z¡]maxim of quality¡^¡A³o­Ó¤½²z­n¨Dªº¬O»¡¸Ü­n¯u¸Û¡A¯u¹ê¡C

¤U­±¬O¥|­Ó·|¸Ü¤½²zªº¤j­n¡A·|¸Ü¤½²z¬O¦X§@­ì«h¡]cooperative principle¡^ªº¤@³¡¥÷¡C

¤½²z¦WºÙ              ¤j·N

¶q¡]quantity¡^          ¤£­n»¡¤ñ¨¥½Í©Ò»Ý­nªº§ó¦h©Î§ó¤Öªº¸Ü¡C

¬ÛÃö¡]relevance¡^       »¡¸Ü­n¤¤ªÖ¡C

¤è¦¡¡]manners¡^        »¡¸Ü­n²©ú§ã­n¥B¥ý«á¦³§Ç¡FÁקKª[¸q©Î§t½k¡C

½è¡]quality¡^           ¤£­n»¡ÁÀ¡F¤£­nµoªí¥¼³QÃҹꪺ¨¥½×¡C

°£«D»¡¸ÜªÌ¡]¹³Hamlet¡^¦s¤ß¤£¦X§@¡A§_«h³£·|²×©ó³o¨Ç¤½²z©Î¨ä¥Lªº¹ï¸Ü­ì«h¡A¨Ã°²©w¨ä¥L¤H¤]·|¦p¦¹¡C¦b®É¦a¤£©yªº±¡¹Ò¤U¡A¦pªG¤@­Ó¤H¹ï¥t¤@­Ó¤H¸Û¹ê¦a»¡¦pªG¤@­Ó¤H¹ï¥t¤@­Ó¤H¸Û¹ê¦a»¡I have never slept with your wife¡]§Ú±q¥¼¼ÆºÎ¹L§Aªº¤Ó¤Ó¡^¡A«OÃÒ·|¿E«ã¹ï¤è¡A¦]¬°³o¼Ëªº½Í¸Ü²@µL¥²­nªº¹H¤Ï¤F¶qªº¤½²z¡C

¦bÀ\®à¤W°Ý¤@­Ó¨­Å饿±`ªº¤H¡Acan you pass the salt?¡]§A¯à¤£¯à§âÆQ¤Ú»¼¹L¨Ó¡H¡^­Y­n´N¦r­±¦^µª¡A·|­¢¨Ï¦^µªªÌ³¯­z¤@­ÓÅã¦Ó©ö¨£ªº¨Æ¹ê¡A³o¹H¤Ï¤F¶qªº¤½²z¡C¬°¤FÁקK³o¼Ë³Q°Ýªº¤H´N·|¥h«ä¦Ò¹ï¤è¬°¤°»ò­n³o¼Ë°Ý¡A¥L´N·|±Àª¾¹ï¤è¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O­n¥L§âÆQÅø¤l¶Ç¹L¥h¡C

¬ÛÃöªº¤½²z¬O»¡¦pªG¦³¤H»¡it¡¦s cold in here¡]³o¸Ì«Ü§N¡^¡A¦Ó¥B³o¥y¸Ü¬O¹ï¤@­Ó¯¸¦b¶}µÛ¥B¦³ÂI­·ªºµ¡¤l®ÇÃ䪺¤H»¡¡A¥i¯à·|³Q¸àÄÀ¦¨­n¨D¹ï¤èÃö¤Wµ¡¤l¡A§_«h¬°¦ó­n¹ï¨º­Ó¯S©wªº¤H»¡³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡C

¹³³o¼Ëªº¹ï¸Ü±`³W¨Ï±o¦UºØ¤£¦Pªº»y¸q¥i¥Hºc¦¨¦³²zªº»y¨¥½Í·N¸q¡A¨Ã¿Ä¦X¨ì»y¹Ò¤¤¡A³o´N¦p¦P¥yªk³W«h®e³\µü¸q¦³·N¸qªº¡]¥B¦X»yªkªº¡^ºc¦¨¥y¸q

¡@

°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø:

"Victoria Fromkin& Robert Rodman,1998. An Introduction to Language six edition.     America.:   Harcourt Brace

  »y¨¥¾Ç·s¤Þ ¶À«Å½d ¥x¥_ ¤åÅb 2001¦~9¤ë

¡@

                                                                [¦^¦¨¤H»y¨¥³B²z]