2.3 Pattern of stop series
|
Num. of S.S. |
|
plain vl. |
vd. |
asp. vl. |
vl. impl. |
vd. impl. |
vl. eje. |
vd eje. |
prenasal. vd. |
vd. lary. |
reathy vd. |
Num. of lngs (Percentage) |
Total num. of lngs |
|
|
2 |
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
117 (72.0%) |
162 |
|
|
|
Two VOT continuum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27(16.7%) |
|||||
|
Nasal onset/offset) |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
6( 3.7%) |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3( 1.8%) |
||||
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
6( 3.7%) |
9( 5.4%) |
||
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
3 |
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19(25.0%) |
76(16 languages are not specified.) |
|
|
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
13(17.1%) |
|||
|
|
+ |
|
+ |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
12(15.8%) |
||||
|
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
12(15.8%) |
|||
|
|
Two VOT continuum |
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
4( 5.3%) |
|||||
|
4 |
A1 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
6(16.0%) |
25(3 languages are not specified.) |
|
|
A2 |
+ |
|
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
2( 8.0%) |
|||
|
B |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
5(20.0%) |
|||
|
C1 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
+ |
|
|
+ |
|
|
5(20.0%) |
|||
|
C2 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
+ |
|
||||
|
D |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
5(20.0%) |
|||
|
5 |
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
Two glottalic series |
|
|
|
|
2(100%) |
2 |
|||
|
6 |
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
Two glottalic series |
|
|
|
+ |
2(100%) |
2 |
|||
2.4 Pattern of places of stops
|
Number of places |
Bilabial |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Alveolo-palatal |
Palatal |
Retroflex |
velar |
Uvular |
Labial-velar |
Number (Percentage) |
Total num. of lngs |
|
2 |
+ |
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
Hawaiian |
2 |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
Wichita |
|||
|
3 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
171 |
|
|
4a |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
|
|
36(35.0%) |
103 (2 languages are not specified.) |
||
|
4b |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
+ |
|
29(28.1%) |
||
|
4c |
+ |
+ |
|
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
17(16.5%) |
||
|
4d |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
|
+ |
12(11.7%) |
||
|
4e |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
7( 6.8%) |
|
|
5a |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
18(51.4%) |
35 (3 languages are not specified.) |
|
|
5b |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
|
7(20.0%) |
||
|
5c |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
4(11.4%) |
||||
|
5d |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
3( 8.6%) |
||
|
6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
5(83.3%) |
6 |
Note: 1. Only Hupa(705) and Aleut(901) have no labial stop of any kind.
2. Shadow sections are the three basic elements in the pattern of places of stops.
3. Abbreviations: Lngs=languages, num=number.
2.5 Pattern of places of stops and/or affricates
|
Number of places |
Total num. of lngs |
Bilabial |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Alveolo-palatal affricates |
Palatal |
Retroflex |
velar |
Uvular |
Labial-velar |
Number (percentage) |
Note |
|
4a |
139 |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
+ |
|
|
86(61.9%) |
|
|
4b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
?53(38.1%) |
|
|
|
5a |
87 |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
|
|
12(13.8%) |
|
|
5b |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
+ |
+ |
|
19(21.8%) |
|
|
|
5c |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
11(12.6%) |
|
|
|
5d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
?45(51.7%) |
|
Note: 1. Shadow sections are the three basic elements in the pattern of places of stops.
2. Abbreviations: Lngs=languages, num=number
2.6 Voicing and place of articulation for plosives
|
|
Bilabial |
Dental |
Dental/alveolar |
Alveolar |
Velar |
Num. of lns. |
|
|
Plain voiceless /*t/ |
|
/t/ |
/*t/ |
/t/ |
|
|
|
|
|
72 |
135 |
102 |
|
309 |
||
|
|
19 |
290 |
|
||||
|
Plain voiced |
|
/d/ |
/*d/ |
/d/ |
|
195 |
|
|
|
53 |
77 |
65 |
|
|||
|
Plain voiceless |
/p/ |
|
|
|
/k/ |
|
|
|
× |
|
|
|
○ |
24 |
||
|
○ |
|
|
|
× |
4 |
||
|
Plain voiced |
/b/ |
|
/*d/ |
|
/g/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
× |
|
21 |
|
|
|
|
× |
|
× |
6 |
||
|
× |
|
|
|
× |
2 |
||
|
× |
|
|
|
○ |
|
3 |
|
|
× |
|
× |
|
○ |
2 |
||
Note: 1. Abbreviations: Lngs=languages, num=number.