聲帶以上發聲腔道構造Configurations of Supraglottal Vocal Cavity Articulation

1. 固定的構音器官 Immobile articulators

包含了面骨、牙齒、硬顎、軟顎邊緣。而面骨和頭蓋骨構成了共鳴腔體重要的成分。牙齒也是重要成員之一。尤其當牙齒咬和不良時，便會導致發音不準的問題。其他的像硬顎和軟顎邊緣可稱作「上部發音器官」（the upper articulator），它們皆位於口腔上方的位置。

They are bones, teeth, hard palate, and alveolar ridge( the whole roof of the mouth). If there were no bones of the face and bones of the cranial skeleton, there would be no resonant cavities for speech production. Thus, bones are considered as basic components of immobile articulators. The teeth are also important members. Malocclusion results in problems in pronunciation. The other immobile articulators are termed, as ‘the upper articulators’ since most of them are located in the upper part of the oral cavity.

1.1顏面骨 Bones of face

藍色的數字可和下圖比對：

下頷骨 Mandible 8

上頷骨 Maxillae 7

鼻骨 Nasal Bone 9

顎骨和鼻甲 Palatine Bone and Nasal Conchae

犁骨 Vomer

顴骨 Zygomatic Bone 6

淚骨 Lacrimal bone 5

舌骨 Hyoid bone

1.2 顱部的骨架 Bones of the Cranial Skeleton

篩骨 Ethmoid Bone

蝶骨 Sphenoid Bone 10

額骨 Frontal Bone 1

顳骨 Temporal Bone 3

頂骨 Parietal Bone 2

枕骨 Occipital Bone

圖片摘自Seikel, et al. Anatomy and Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing

1.3 生齒 Dentition

牙齒長於上頷骨和下頷骨齒槽間，包含了門齒, 犬齒, 前臼齒, 臼齒（ incisors, cuspids,bicuspids, and molars），每根牙齒都有齒根（root）和齒冠（crown），齒冠的表面由法瑯質和象牙質組成，而前者位於後者上方。

乳齒（deciduous arch）約在小孩六個月到九個月大時長出，至六歲到九歲時開此脫落，而恆齒（ permanent arch）也在此時開始長出。

牙齒的閉合成三種型態：

第一類為正常的咬和，第二類是下頷骨內縮的咬和不良，就是俗稱的暴牙；相反的，第三類則是下頷骨突出的咬和不良，就是俗稱的厚道。

The teeth are housed within the alveoli of the maxillae and mandible, and consist of incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars(門齒, 犬齒, 前臼齒, 臼齒). Each tooth has a root and crown , with the surface of the crown (齒冠) composed of enamel (法瑯質) overlying dentin.

Clinical eruption of the deciduous arch(乳齒) begins between 6 and 9 months of age, while the permanent arch (恆齒)emerge between 6 and 9 years.

There are three kinds of dental occlusion:

Class I occlusion refers to normal orientation of mandible and maxillae, while Class II malocclusion refers to a relatively retracted mandible. Class III malocclusion refers to a relatively protruded mandible.

1.4 發聲腔道 Cavities of the Vocal Tract