Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza

簡介

　路卡．卡瓦利-斯福札﹙Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza﹚，史丹福大學醫學院遺傳學榮譽教授，人類遺傳學界泰斗，也是當前基因組多樣性研究計畫的主要發起人。現為全球最著名的遺傳人類學家，曾為了收集少數民族的血液樣本遠赴非洲，並與非洲居民生活在一起，體驗非洲生活。

　卡瓦利—斯福札其中一本重大的著作是上千頁、累積四十多年研究寫的一本有關全世界人群的基因結構語言的書，在收集研究如此廣大的基因後，除了達到重建古代人類遷徒的源頭之外，也找出了新石器時代文化的散播模型，同時也找出人類傳承的完整脈絡。卡瓦利—斯福札發現人類之間的差異只有在一些外顯基因(phenotype)上，而這些外顯基因的差異主要是適應天擇的後果，然而人類之間其它基因的差異其實很小。卡瓦利—斯福札也發現基因和語言是共同發展演化的，也就是說，基因和文化的整合提供了人類演化最具說服力的解釋。

    他基於對基因的興趣，研讀涉略的學科相當廣泛，也就是現在所謂的跨科際研究，例如，人類學、語言學、考古學等等，並著有不少論文發表於期刊。

生平

Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza， 生於1922年1月25日熱那亞（Genoa義大利西北部利古里大區熱那亞省省會和港口城市），具美國與義大利雙重國籍。

1944             年在帕維亞大學（University of Pavia 義大利北部）取得醫藥及外科MD

1950             在英國劍橋大學取得MA

1950-1957    Director of Research in Microbiology, Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese, Milan

1957-1960    Lecturer in Genetics and in Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Parma

                       and University of Pavia

1960-1962    Professor of Genetics, University of Parma

1962-1970    Professor of Genetics and Director of the Institute of Genetics, University of Pavia 

1970-1992    Professor of Genetics, at Stanford University

1986-1990    Chairman of the Department of Genetics

1992-             Professor Emeritus (Active) at the School of Medicine

                                                                            摘自 http://www.balzan.it/english/pb1999/cavalli/laudatio_profilo.htm

著作

書

• 2000, Genes, Peoples, and Languages, (translated by Mark Seielstad), New York : North Point Press.

§     1994, The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution, Perseus Publishing,        （《人類大遷徙 》。89。樂俊河。遠流。    譯本書評：我們都是非洲人－王道還http://sts.nthu.edu.tw/studymail/before20020226/msg01068.html）

§     1994, History and Geography of Human Genes (with P. Menozzi and A. Piazza), 1994, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; Italian edition Adelphi 1997.

§    1986, African Pygmies (ed.), Orlando, Florida: Academic Press; 

§     1984, The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe (with A. Ammerman),  Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; Italian edition Bollati Boringhieri;

§     1981, Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach (with M.W. Feldman),  Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 

§     1976, Genetics, Evolution, and Man (with W. Bodmer), San Francisco: Freeman; Italian edition Mondadori; 

§     1971, The Genetics of Human Populations (with W. Bodmer), 1971, San Francisco: Freeman, 1999, Mineola, N.Y., Dover Publications;

§      1961, first edition; Analisi Statistica per Medici e Biologi, 1993, third edition, Turin: Boringhieri;

§   1948, La teoria dell'Urto e le Unit?Biologiche Elementari (with A. Buzzati-Traverso),  Milan: Longanesi

文章

• Cavalli-Sforza LL et al., 1988, Reconstruction of Human Evolution: Bringing Together Genetic Archeologic and Linguistic Data. PNAS. 85:6002-6006;

• Cavalli-Sforza LL et al., 1992, Coevolution of Genes and Languages Revisited. PNAS. 89:5620-4;

• Mountain JL et al., 1992, Evolution of Modern Humans: Evidence from Nuclear DNA Polymorphisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol Sci. 337 (1280):159-65;

• Cavalli-Sforza LL et al., 1993, Demic Expansions and Human Evolution. Science. 259:639-46;

• Zei et al., 1993, Barriers to Gene Flow Estimated by Surname Distribution in Italy. Ann Hum Genet. 57:123-40; 

• Bowcock AM et al., 1994, High Resolution of Human Evolutionary Trees with Polymorphic Microsatellites. Nature. 368:455-7;

• Mountain JL e Cavalli-Sforza LL, 1994, Inference of Human Evolution through Cladistic Analysis of Nuclear DNA Restriction Polymorphisms. PNAS. 91:6515-9;

• Piazza A et al., 1995, Genetics and the Origin of European Languages. PNAS. 92:5836-40;

• Seielstad M et al., 1994, Construction of Human Y-chromosomal Haplotypes Using a New Polymorphic A to G Transition. Hum Mol Genet. 3:2159-61;

• Mountain JL et al., 1995, Demographic History of India and mtDNA-sequence Diversity. Am J Hum Genet. 56:979-92;

• Goldstein DB et al., 1995, Genetic Absolute Dating Based on Microsatellites and the Origin of Modern Humans. PNAS. 92:6723-7;

• Underhill PA et al., 1996, A Pre-Columbian Y chromosome-specific Transition and its Implications for Human Evolutionary History. PNAS. 93:196-200;

• Cavalli-Sforza LL, 1997, Genetic and Cultural Diversity in Europe. J Anthr Res. 53:383-404;

• Cavalli-Sforza LL, 1997, Genes, Peoples, and Languages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:7719-24;

• Barbujani AE et al., 1997, Apportionment of Human DNA Diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:4516-9;

• Cavalli-Sforza LL e Minch E, 1997, Paleolithic and Neolithic Lineages in the European Mitochondrial Gene Pool [letter]. Am J Hum Genet. 61:247-54;

• Underhill PA et al., 1997, Detection of Numerous Y chromosome Biallelic Polymorphisms by Denaturating High-performance Liquid Chromatography. Genome Res. 7:996-1005;

• Cavalli-Sforza LL, 1998, The Chinese Human Genome Diversity Project. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:111501-11503;

• Cavalli-Sforza LL, 1998, The DNA Revolution in Population Genetics. Trends Genet. 14:60-65.

• Chi Siamo - La Storia Della Diversit?Umana (with F. Cavalli-Sforza), 1993, Milan: Mondadori; translation into English The Great Human Diasporas, 1995, Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley; 

• Geni, Popoli e Lingue, 1996, Milan: Adelphi; translation into English (forthcoming): Genes, Peoples, and Languages, 1999, New York, N.Y.: Farrar Straus & Giroux, Inc.; 

• La Scienza della Felicit?(with F. Cavalli-Sforza); Milan: Mondadori. 

                                                                        (資料來源: http://www.balzan.it/english/pb1999/cavalli/bibliografia.htm)

Contact Dr. Cavalli-Sforza (資料來源http://www.ellison-med-fn.org/emf_award.jsp?award_id=6)

參考資料

http://www.balzan.it/english/pb1999/cavalli/laudatio_profilo.htm

《人類大遷徙 》專文推薦－路卡二三事　王士元　http://www.ylib.com/Search/rec_show.asp?BookNo=LF002

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